4.1 Literature Recommendations
Key Literature
Recommendations for further Reading
4.2 References
Scarcity
Barnett, H.J. and C. Morse (1963), Scarcity and Growth. The Economics of Natural Resource Availability, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Barbier, E.B. (1989), Economics, Natural Resource Scarcity and Development. Conventional and Alternative Views, London: Earthscan.
Baumgärtner, S., Becker, C., Faber, M., Manstetten, R. (2006) “Relative and absolute scarcity of nature. Assessing the roles of economics and ecology for biodiversity conservation.” Ecological Economics 59: 487498. This element is mainly based on this paper.
Faber, M., H. Niemes, and G. Stephan (1983/1987) Entropie, Umweltschutz und Rohstoffverbrauch. Eine naturwissenschaftlich-ökonomische Untersuchung; translated into English by Ingo Pellengahr. Resources. An Essay in Physico-Economics. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg etc.(translated into Chinese 1990; ISBN Y 80555-344-0/X.1.) This book views absolute scarcity from an ecological economic and thermodynamic perspective
Faber, M., R. Manstetten (2007), Was ist Wirtschaft? Von der Politischen Ökonomie zur Ökologischen Ökonomie. Freiburg/München. See in particular Chapter 12, where not only scarcity, but also its relationship to the concept of moderation is analysed in detail.
Mankiw N.G. (2000), Principles of Economics, second ed., Harcourt Brace.
Manstetten, R. (2000) Das Menschenbild der Ökonomie. Der homo oeconomicus und die Anthropologie von Adam Smith, Alber, Freiburg, München.
Montani, G. (1987), Scarcity, in J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman (eds.), The New Palgrave. A Dictionary of Economics, Vol. 4, Houndsmill and New York: Palgrave.
Robbins, L. (1932) On the Nature and Significance of Economic Science. London.
Schumpeter, J.A. (1954), History of Economic Analysis, New York: Oxford University Press.
Smith, V.K. (1979), Scarcity and Growth Reconsidered, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Mainstream Economics
Boltvinik, J. (2001), Poverty measurement methods – an overview, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Poverty Reduction Series Working Paper No. 3, available from: www.undp.org/poverty/publications/pov_red/.
Dasgupta, P. (1995), Population, poverty, and the local environment, Scientific American, 272(2), pp. 40ff.
Debreu, G. (1959), Theory of Value. An Axiomatic Analysis of Economic Equilibrium, New York: Wiley.
Eatwell, J., M. Milgate and R. Newman (eds.) (1987), The New Palgrave. A Dictionary of Economics, 4 vols, London: Maxmillan.
Fisher, A.C. (2000), Introduction to special issue on irreversibility, Resource and Energy Economics, 22, 189-196.
[ILO] International Labour Office (1976), Employment, Growth and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem. Report of the Director-General of the International Labour Office, Geneva.
Malthus, T.R. ([1798]1976), An Essay on the Principle of Population, ed. by P. Appleman New York and London: W.W. Norton and Company.
Mankiw, N.G. (2000), Principles of Economics, second ed., Harcourt Brace.
MasColell, A., M.D. Whinston and J.R. Green (1995), Microeconomic Theory, New York: Oxford University Press.
Polasky, S. and A. Solow (1995), On the value of a collection of species, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 29, 298-181.
Polasky, S., A. Solow and J. Broadus (1993), Searching for uncertain benefits and the conservation of biological diversity, Environmental and Resource Economics, 3, 171-181.
Ricardo, D. (1817[1951]), On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, ed. by P. Sraffa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robbins, L. (1932), An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, London: Macmillan.
Roscher, W. (1874), Geschichte der National-Ökonomik in Deutschland, München.
Schläpfer, F., M. Tucker and I. Seidl (2002), Returns from hay cultivation in fertilized low diversity and non-fertilized high diversity grassland, Environmental and Resource Economics, 21, 89-100.
Walras, L. (1926[1954], Elements of Pure Economics, or the theory of social wealth, transl. by W. jaffe, London, George Allen & Unwin.
Ecological Economics
Baumgärtner, S. (2000), Ambivalent Joint Production and the Natural Environment. An Economic and Thermodynamic Analysis, Heidelberg and New York: Physica.
Bejan, A. (1997), Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, second ed., New York: Wiley.
Boulding, K.E. (1966), The economics of the coming spaceship Earth, in H. Jarrett (ed.), Environmental Quality in a Growing World, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 3-14.
Costanza, R. (1989), What is Ecological Economics? Ecological Economics, 1, 1-7.
Costanza, R., R. d’Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, W. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R.V. O’Neill, J. Paruelo, R.G. Raskin, P. Sutton and M. van den Belt (1997), The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature, 387, 253-260.
Daily, G.C. (ed.) (1997), Nature’s Services. Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, Washington DC: Island Press.
Daly, H.E. (1977): Steady-state Economics, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Daly, H.E. (ed.) (1980), Economics, Ecology, Ethics. Essays Toward a Steady-State Economy, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
Daly, H.E. (1990), Toward some operational principles of sustainable development, Ecological Economics, 2, 1-6.
Ehrlich, P.R. and A.H. Ehrlich (1981), Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species, New York: Random House.
Faber, M., R. Manstetten and J. Proops (1996), Ecological Economics. Concepts and Methods, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
Fisher, A.C. (2000), Introduction to special issue on irreversibility, Resource and Energy Economics, 22, 189-196.
Kondepudi, D. and I. Prigogine (1998), Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, New York: Wiley.
Meadows, D.H., D.L. Meadows, J. Randers and W.W. Behrens (1972), The Limits to Growth, New York: Universe.
Mooney, H.A. and P.R. Ehrlich (1997), Ecosystem services: a fragmentary history, in: G.C. Daily (ed.), Nature’s Services. Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, Washington DC: Island Press, pp. 11-19.
Neumayer, E. (2003), Weak Versus Strong Sustainability. Exploring the Limits of Two Opposing Paradigms, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Norgaard, R.B. (1985), Environmental economics: an evolutionary critique and a plea for pluralism, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 12, 382-394.
Norgaard, R.B. (1989), The case for methodological pluralism, Ecological Economics, 1, 37-47.
Norgaard, R.B. (1990), Economic indicators of resource scarcity: A critical essay, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 19(1), 19-25.
Norgaard, R.B. (2004), Learning and knowing collectively, Ecological Economics, 49, 231-241.
Norton, B.G. (1991), Toward Unity Among Environmentalists, New York: Oxford University Press.
Norton, B.G. and M. Ruse (eds.) (2002), Searching for Sustainability: Interdisciplinary Essays in the Philosophy of Conservation Biology, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pearce, D.W. and E.B. Barbier (2000), Blueprint for a Sustainable Economy, London: Earthscan.
Sayak, N.C. and B. Nayak (1994), Niche diversification in environmental/ecological economics, Ecological Economics, 11, 9-19.
Schefold, B. (2001), Ökonomische Bewertung der Natur aus dogmengeschichtlicher Perspektive – eine Skizze, in F. Beckenbach et al. (eds.), Jahrbuch Ökologische Ökonomik, Bd. 2: Ökonomische Naturbewertung, Marburg: Metropolis, pp. 17-61.
Schiller, J. (2002), Umweltprobleme und Zeit. Bestände als konzeptionelle Grundlage ökologischer Ökonomik, Marburg: Metropolis.
Söderbaum, P. (1999), Values, ideology and politics in ecological economics, Ecological Economics, 28, 161-170.
Underwood, D.A. and P.G. King (1989), On the ideological foundations of environmental policy, Ecological Economics, 1, 325-334.
Ecology
Begon, M., C.R. Townsend and J.L. Harper (1998), Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities, third ed., Oxford: Blackwell.
Ricklefs, R.E. and G.L. Miller (1999), Ecology, fourth ed., San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
Biodiversity
Barbier, E.B., J.C. Burgess and C. Folke (1994), Paradise Lost? The Ecological Economics of Biodiversity, London: Earthscan.
Baumgärtner, S. (2005a), Measuring the diversity of what? And for what purpose? A conceptual comparison of ecological and economic biodiversity indices, Mimeo, University of Heidelberg.
Baumgärtner, S. (2005b), Natural Science Constraints in Environmental and Resource Economics. Problem and Method, Habilitation Thesis, Faculty of Economics and Social Studies, University of Heidelberg.
Brown J.H. et al. (2001), Complex species interactions and the dynamics of ecological systems: long-term experiments, Science, 293 (27 July 2001), 643-650.
[CBD] Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1992.
Daily, G.C. (ed.) (1997), Nature’s Services. Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, Washington DC: Island Press.
Holling, C.S., D.W. Schindler, B.W. Walker and J. Roughgarden (1995), Biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems: an ecological synthesis, in C. Perrings, K.-G. Mäler, C. Folke, C.S. Hooling and B.-O. Jansson (eds.), Biodiversity Loss. Economic and Ecological Issues, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 44-83.
Kinzig, A.P., SW. Pacala and D. Tilman (eds.) (2001), The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity. Empirical Progress and Theoretical Extensions, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Loreau, M, S. Naeem, J. Bengtsson, J.P. Grime, A. Hector, D.U. Hooper, M.A. Huston, D. Raffaelli, B. Schmid, D. Tilman and D.A. Wardle (2001), Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges, Science, 294 (26 October 2001), 804-808.
Loreau, M., S. Naeem and P. Ichausti (eds.) (2002), Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Synthesis and Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Perrings, C., K.-G. Mäler, C. Folke, C.S. Holling and B.-O. Jansson (1995), Framing the problem of biodiversity loss, in C. Perrings, K.-G. Mäler, C. Folge, C.S. Holling and B.-O. Jansson (eds.), Biodiversity Loss. Economic and Ecological Issues, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-17.
Schulze, E.-D. and H.A. Mooney (eds.) (1994), Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning, Berlin: Springer
Tilman, D. (1997), Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, in G.C. Daily (ed.), Nature’s Services. Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, Washington DC: Island Press, pp. 93-112.
Kenzie, A.P., S.W. Pascale and D. Tillman (eds.) (2001), the Functional Consequences of Biodiversity. Empirical Progress and Theoretical Extensions, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Larch, A. (1998), Property rights and biodiversity, European Journal of Law and Economics, 6, 285-304.
Loreau, M., S. Naeem, J. Bengtsson, J.P. Grime, A. Hector, D.U. Hooper, M.A. Huston, D. Raffaelli, B. Schmid, D. Tilman and D.A. Wardle (2001), Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges, Science, 294, 804-808.
Loreau, M., S. Naeem and P. Inchausti (eds.) (2002), Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Synthesis and Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Metrick, A. and M.L. Weitzman (1996), Patterns of behavior in endangered species preservation, Land Economics, 72(1), 1-16.
Metrick, A. and M.L. Weitzman (1998), Conflicts and choices in biodiversity preservation, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(3), 21-34.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis Report, Washington DC: Island Press.
Munasinghe, M. (1992), Biodiversity protection policy: Environmental valuation and distribution issues, Ambio, 21, 227-236.
Myers, N. (1995), Tropical deforestation: population, poverty and biodiversity, in T.M. Swanson (ed.), The Economics and Ecology of Biodiversity Decline. The Forces Driving Global Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 111-122.
Nehring, K. and C. Puppe (2002), A theory of diversity, Econometrica, 70, 1155-1198.
Nehring, K. and C. Puppe (2004), Modelling phylogenetic diversity, Resource and Energy Economics, 26, 205-235.
Pearce, D.W. and D. Moran (1994), The Economic Value of Biodiversity, London: Earthscan.
Perrings, C. (1995), Biodiversity conservation as insurance, in T.M. Swanson (ed.), The Economics and Ecology of Biodiversity Decline. The Forces Driving Global Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 69-77.
Perrings, C., K.-G. Mäler, C. Folke, C.S. Holling and B.-O. Jansson (1995), Framing the problem of biodiversity loss, in C. Perrings, K.-G. Mäler, C. Folke, C.S. Holling and B.-O. Jansson (eds), Biodiversity Loss. Economic and Ecological Issues, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-17.
Proops, J. (1989), Ecological economics: rationale and problem areas, Ecological Economics, 1, 59-76.
Randall, A. (1988), What mainstream economists have to say about the value of biodiversity, in E.O. Wilson (ed.), BioDiversity, Washington DC: National Academy Press, pp. 217-223.
Rausser, G.C. and A.A. Small (2000), Valuing research leads: bioprospecting and the conservation of genetic resources, Journal of Political Economy, 108, 173-206.
Schulze, E.-D. and H.A. Mooney (eds.) (1993), Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning, Berlin: Springer.
Sedjo, R.A. and R.D. Simpson (1995), Property rights, externalities and biodiversity, in T.M. Swanson (ed.), The Economics and Ecology of Biodiversity Decline. The Forces Driving Global Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79-88.
Simpson, R.D., R.A. Sedjo and J.W. Reid (1996), Valuing biodiversity for use in pharmaceutical research, Journal of Political Economy, 104, 163-185.
Solow, A., S. Polasky and J. Broadus (1993), On the measurement of biological diversity, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 24, 60-68.
Soulé, M.E. (ed.) (1986), Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
Swanson, T.M. (1994), The International Regulation of Extinction, London: Macmillan.
Swanson, T.M. (ed.) (1995), The Economics and Ecology of Biodiversity Decline. The Forces Driving Global Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swanson, T.M. and T. Goeschl (2000a), Genetic use restriction technologies and the diffusion of yield gains to developing countries, Journal of International Development, 12(8), 1159-1178.
Swanson, T.M. and T. Goeschl (2000b), Property rights issues involving plant genetic resources: implications of ownership for economic efficiency, Ecological Economics, 32, 75-92.
Swanson, T.M. and T. Goeschl (2003), Pests, plagues, and patents, Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(2-3), 561-575.
Walras, L. (1926[1954]), Elements of Pure Economics, or the Theoy of Social Wealth, transl. by W. Jaffé, London: George Allen & Unwin.
Watson, R.T., V.H. Heywood, I. Baste, B. Dias, R. Gámez, T. Janetos, W. Reid and G. Ruark (eds) (1995), Global Biodiversity Assessment. Summary for Policy-Makers (published for the United Nations Environment Programme), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weitzman, M.L. (1992), On diversity, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 363-405.
Weitzman, M.L. (1993), What to preserve? An application of diversity theory to crane conservation, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 157-183.
Weitzman, M.L. (1998), The Noah’s ark problem, Econometrica, 66, 1279-1298.
Weitzman, M.L. (2000), Economic profitability versus ecological entropy, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115, 237-263.
Wilson, E.O. (ed.) (1988), BioDiversity, Washington DC: National Academy Press.
Wu, J. and W.G. Boggess (1999), The optimal allocation of conservation funds, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 38, 302-321.
Philosophy and Literature
Altner, H. Leitschuh-Fecht, G. Michelsen, U.E. Simonis and E.U. v. Weizsäcker, München: Beck, pp. 87-98.
Aristotle (1925), The Nicomachean Ethics (transl. by D. Ross), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baumgärtner, S. and C. Becker (eds.) (2005), Wissenschaftsphilosophie interdisziplinärer Umweltforschung, Marburg: Metropolis.
Becker, C. (2003), Ökonomie und Natur in der Romantik. Das Denken von Novalis, Wordsworth und Thoreau als Grundlegung der Ökologischen Ökonomik, Marburg: Metropolis.
Becker, C. (2005a), Wie Ökonomen über Natur denken, in: Jahrbuch Ökologie 2006, ed. by G.
Becker, C. (2005b), The human actor in ecological economics. Philosophical approach and research perspectives, submitted to Ecological Economics.
Becker, C. and R. Manstetten (2004), Nature as a You: Novalis’ philosophical thought and the modern ecological crisis, Environmental Values, 13, 101-118.
Becker, C.; M. Faber; K. Hertel and R. Manstetten (2005), Malthus vs. Wordsworth: Perspectives on humankind, nature and economy. A contribution to the history and the foundations of ecological economics. Ecological Economics 53, 299-310.
Biervert, B. and M. Held (eds) (1994), Das Naturverständnis der Ökonomik. Beiträge zur Ethikdebatte in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Frankfurt: Campus.
Binswanger, H.C. (1991), Wachstum durch Imagination: J.G. Schlossers Theorie der imaginären Bedürfnisse, in Geld und Natur. Das wirtschaftliche Wachstum im Spannungsfeld zwischen Ökonomie und Ökologie, Stuttgart and Vienna, pp. 195-238.
Faber, M. and R. Manstetten (1998), Philosophische Grundlagen von Ökonomie und Ökologie, Lecture Notes, Department of Economics, University of Heidelberg.
Faber, M., R. Manstetten and G. Müller (1994), Interdisziplinäre Umweltforschung aus ökonomischer Sicht, Naturwissenschaften, 81, 193-199.
Faber, M., R. Manstetten and T. Petersen, (1997) Homo Oeconomicus and homo politicus. Political economy, constitutional interest, Kyklos 5, Heft 4: 457-483-
Kant, I. ([1785]1996), Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten), in M.J. Gregor (transl. and ed.), Practical Philosophy (The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 37-108.
MacIntyre, A. (1999), Dependent Rational Animals. Why Human Beings Need the Virtues, London: Duckworth.
Manstetten, R., O. Hottinger and M. Faber (1998), Zur Aktualität von Adam Smith: Homo oeconomicus und ganzheitliches Menschenbild, Homo oeconomicus, XV(2), 127-168.
Riedel, M. (1962), Aristoteles Tradition am Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts. Zur ersten deutschen Übersetung der “Politik” durch Johann Georg Schlosser, in Alteuropa und die moderne Gesellschaft. Festschrift für Otto Brunner, Göttingen, pp. 278-315.
Sandler, R. and P. Cafaro (eds.) (2005), Environmental Virtue Ethics, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Schlosser, J.G. (1784), Xenocrates oder Ueber die Abgaben. An Göthe, Basel.
Spaemann, R. (1989), Glück und Wohlwollen: Versuch über die Ethik, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Thoreau, H.D. ([1854]1998), Walden, or Life in the Woods, first published 1854, reprinted in N. Baym et al. (eds.), The Norton Anthology of American Literature, Vol. 1, fifth ed., New York: W.W. Norton, pp. 1768-1942.
Turner, R.K. (1999), Environmental and ecological economics perspectives, in J.C.J.M. van den Bergh (ed.), Handbook of Environmental and Resource Economics, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, pp. 1001-1033.
Underwood, D.A. and P.G. King (1989), On the ideological foundations of environmental policy, Ecological Economics, 1, 315-334.